MRI and CT Scans of the Head and Neck

LCD Information Document Information Source LCD ID N/A LCD ID L37373 Original ICD-9 LCD ID Not Applicable LCD Title MRI and CT Scans of the Head and Neck Proposed LCD in Comment Period N/A Source Proposed LCD DL37373 Opens in a new window Original Effective Date For services performed on or after 10/08/2018 Revision Effective Date For services performed on or after 10/23/2025 Revision Ending Date N/A Retirement Date N/A Notice Period Start Date 08/23/2018 Notice Period End Date 10/07/2018 CPT codes, descriptions, and other data only are copyright 2025 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved. Fee schedules, relative value units, conversion factors and/or related components are not assigned by the AMA, are not part of CPT, and the AMA is not recommending their use. The AMA does not directly or indirectly practice medicine or dispense medical services. The AMA assumes no liability for data contained or not contained herein. 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Issue Issue Description This update is to consolidate JE and JF to have one unified document and policy number. Issue - Explanation of Change Between Proposed LCD and Final LCD CMS National Coverage Policy Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, Section 1862(a)(7) excludes routine physical examinations. This provision excludes screening examinations.Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, Section 1862(a)(1)(A) allows coverage and payment for only those services that are considered reasonable and necessary.Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, Section 1833(e) prohibits Medicare payment for any claim, which lacks the necessary information to process the claim.Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, Section 1862(a)(1)(D) prohibits Medicare payment for services and items that are experimental or investigational.CMS publication 100-3, Medicare National Coverage Determinations, Sections 220.1 “Computerized Tomography”, and 220.2-220.2.B.2d and Section 220.2.C-220.2.D “Magnetic Resonance Imaging”. Denies coverage of MRI for: Imaging of cortical bone and calcification; Procedures involving spatial resolution of bone or calcification; MRI is not covered for patients with metallic clips on vascular aneurysms CMS publication 100-04 Medicare Claims Processing Manual Chapter 13 Section 40. Denies coverage of MRI for: Measurement of blood flow and spectroscopy Coverage Indications, Limitations, and/or Medical Necessity Note: Providers should seek information related to National Coverage Determinations (NCD) and other Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) instructions in CMS Manuals. This LCD only pertains to the contractor's discretionary coverage related to this service.This policy addresses standard CT and MR imaging. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is not addressed in this policy. Computerized Tomography (CT)Computerized tomography (CT scanning) uses the attenuation of an x-ray beam by an object in its path to create cross-sectional images. As x-rays pass through planes of the body, the photons are detected and recorded as they exit from different angles. Computers process the signals to produce a cross-sectional view of the body. The signal data may be subjected to a variety of post-acquisitional processing algorithms to obtain a multiplanar view of the anatomy. The use of the CT scan must be found medically appropriate considering the patient’s symptoms and preliminary diagnosis. A CT scan is considered reasonable and necessary for the patient when the diagnostic exam is medically appropriate given the patient's symptoms and preliminary (or provisional) diagnosis. CT scans (as opposed to MRI evaluations) are used effectively in the following situations or conditions: Patients who are not suitable candidates for MRI evaluation: Because of a pacemaker or intracranial metallic objects Because of extreme obesity Because of an inability to lie still Patients whose condition requires the visualization of fine bone detail or calcification Patients with the following conditions Acute CNS Hemorrhage Strokes or encephalomalacia New onset seizures, particularly if a focal component is present (contrast agent is appropriate for these patients) Intracranial (sic) lesions large enough to cause increased intracranial pressure (CT scan is useful to determine gross margins between tumor and edematous brain) There is no general rule that requires other diagnostic tests to be tried before CT scanning is used. However, in individual cases it may be determined that use of a CT scan as the initial diagnostic test was not reasonable and necessary because it was not supported by the patient’s symptoms or complaints as stated on the claim. CT imaging has not been useful in general for the evaluation of headache or dizziness and should be reserved for the patient whose presentation indicates a focal problem or who has experienced a significant change in symptomatology. A CT scan for the diagnosis of headache can be allowed for the following: After a head injury to rule out intracranial bleeding Headache unusual in duration (greater than two weeks) not responding to medical therapy, to rule out the possibility of a tumor A headache characterized by sudden onset and severity to rule out the possibility of an aneurysm, bleeding and/or arteriovenous malformation A CT Scan may be ordered without contrast, with contrast, or without contrast followed by contrast. Contrast administration is not without risk to the patient, and for some conditions, adds little or no benefit to the patient. The general indications for use of contrast CT scanning (as opposed to non-contrast scanning) are to: Assess perfusion (e.g. CVA) Characterize a specific lesion Detect defects in blood/brain barrier (e.g. infarct, tumor, infection, vasculitis) Detect neovascularity (tumor), and For staging of known lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphomas likely to metastasize early to the brain Intravenous contrast generally adds no information to CT scans done secondary to head trauma. Additional symptoms suggesting a possible intracranial bleed may justify the use of contrast. These symptoms should be documented in the medical record, and if appropriate, included in the diagnostic codes listed on the claim. More than one contrast CT scan per episode of illness adds no information with the following exceptions: CVA Non-traumatic hemorrhage TIA Post-operative scan for residual tumor or post operative complication Known brain tumor/metastases with a change in mental status or other evidence of CNS change Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic scanning technique that employs a powerful and highly uniform static magnetic field, rather than ionizing radiation, to produce images. Fluctuations in the strength of the magnetic field alter the motion and relaxation times of hydrogen molecules, which are related to the density of molecules and reflect the physicochemical properties of the tissues. Reconstructed images can be displayed in multiple planes to facilitate analysis. See national non-coverage in CMS section above.Coverage is limited to those CT and MRI machines that have received pre-market approval by the FDA. Such units must be operated within the parameters specified by the approval. Inconclusive findings on a CT scan may warrant a MRI study and, conversely, findings of a MRI study may be further clarified (under certain circumstances) with a subsequent CT scan. The information provided by the two modalities may be complementary. Cancer Staging. Clinicians commonly use CT and MRI of the brain when metastatic involvement is suspected.Non-covered indications: esophagus, oropharynx, and prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer in the absence of symptoms of brain involvement. “Certain tumors almost never metastasize to the brain parenchyma. These include carcinomas of the esophagus, oropharynx, and prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancers.” (DeVita, Chapter 52.1) Accordingly, the related diagnoses found in the following diagnosis code list do not justify brain scans for “staging” purposes unless a patient has signs or symptoms suggesting brain involvement. Covered: In contrast, for those malignancies that commonly metastasize to the brain, staging in the absence of neurological findings may be appropriate.Payment will be allowed for reasonable and necessary scans of different areas of the body that are performed on the same day and are not subject to this policy. Summary of Evidence NA Analysis of Evidence (Rationale for Determination) NA

Note: Providers should seek information related to National Coverage Determinations (NCD) and other Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) instructions in CMS Manuals. This LCD only pertains to the contractor's discretionary coverage related to this service. This policy addresses standard CT and MR imaging. Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is not addressed in this policy. Computerized Tomography (CT) Computerized tomography (CT scanning) uses the attenuation of an x-ray beam by an object in its path to create cross-sectional images. As x-rays pass through planes of the body, the photons are detected and recorded as they exit from different angles. Computers process the signals to produce a cross-sectional view of the body. The signal data may be subjected to a variety of post-acquisitional processing algorithms to obtain a multiplanar view of the anatomy. The use of the CT scan must be found medically appropriate considering the patient’s symptoms and preliminary diagnosis. A CT scan is considered reasonable and necessary for the patient when the diagnostic exam is medically appropriate given the patient's symptoms and preliminary (or provisional) diagnosis. CT scans (as opposed to MRI evaluations) are used effectively in the following situations or conditions: Patients who are not suitable candidates for MRI evaluation: Because of a pacemaker or intracranial metallic objects Because of extreme obesity Because of an inability to lie still Patients whose condition requires the visualization of fine bone detail or calcification Patients with the following conditions Acute CNS Hemorrhage Strokes or encephalomalacia New onset seizures, particularly if a focal component is present (contrast agent is appropriate for these patients) Intracranial (sic) lesions large enough to cause increased intracranial pressure (CT scan is useful to determine gross margins between tumor and edematous brain) There is no general rule that requires other diagnostic tests to be tried before CT scanning is used. However, in individual cases it may be determined that use of a CT scan as the initial diagnostic test was not reasonable and necessary because it was not supported by the patient’s symptoms or complaints as stated on the claim. CT imaging has not been useful in general for the evaluation of headache or dizziness and should be reserved for the patient whose presentation indicates a focal problem or who has experienced a significant change in symptomatology. A CT scan for the diagnosis of headache can be allowed for the following: After a head injury to rule out intracranial bleeding Headache unusual in duration (greater than two weeks) not responding to medical therapy, to rule out the possibility of a tumor A headache characterized by sudden onset and severity to rule out the possibility of an aneurysm, bleeding and/or arteriovenous malformation A CT Scan may be ordered without contrast, with contrast, or without contrast followed by contrast. Contrast administration is not without risk to the patient, and for some conditions, adds little or no benefit to the patient. The general indications for use of contrast CT scanning (as opposed to non-contrast scanning) are to: Assess perfusion (e.g. CVA) Characterize a specific lesion Detect defects in blood/brain barrier (e.g. infarct, tumor, infection, vasculitis) Detect neovascularity (tumor), and For staging of known lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphomas likely to metastasize early to the brain Intravenous contrast generally adds no information to CT scans done secondary to head trauma. Additional symptoms suggesting a possible intracranial bleed may justify the use of contrast. These symptoms should be documented in the medical record, and if appropriate, included in the diagnostic codes listed on the claim. More than one contrast CT scan per episode of illness adds no information with the following exceptions: CVA Non-traumatic hemorrhage TIA Post-operative scan for residual tumor or post operative complication Known brain tumor/metastases with a change in mental status or other evidence of CNS change Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic scanning technique that employs a powerful and highly uniform static magnetic field, rather than ionizing radiation, to produce images. Fluctuations in the strength of the magnetic field alter the motion and relaxation times of hydrogen molecules, which are related to the density of molecules and reflect the physicochemical properties of the tissues. Reconstructed images can be displayed in multiple planes to facilitate analysis. See national non-coverage in CMS section above. Coverage is limited to those CT and MRI machines that have received pre-market approval by the FDA. Such units must be operated within the parameters specified by the approval. Inconclusive findings on a CT scan may warrant a MRI study and, conversely, findings of a MRI study may be further clarified (under certain circumstances) with a subsequent CT scan. The information provided by the two modalities may be complementary. Cancer Staging. Clinicians commonly use CT and MRI of the brain when metastatic involvement is suspected. Non-covered indications: esophagus, oropharynx, and prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancer in the absence of symptoms of brain involvement. “Certain tumors almost never metastasize to the brain parenchyma. These include carcinomas of the esophagus, oropharynx, and prostate, and non-melanoma skin cancers.” (DeVita, Chapter 52.1) Accordingly, the related diagnoses found in the following diagnosis code list do not justify brain scans for “staging” purposes unless a patient has signs or symptoms suggesting brain involvement. Covered: In contrast, for those malignancies that commonly metastasize to the brain, staging in the absence of neurological findings may be appropriate. Payment will be allowed for reasonable and necessary scans of different areas of the body that are performed on the same day and are not subject to this policy.